Origin of southeast asian languages

However, it was not Dutch that was chosen as the incumbent national language. It is necessary now to emphasize their comparative advantages and potential strengths by virtue of these very same characteristics. Elsewhere he reiterates his point: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, pp. Sani Axi Azhe Azha Alingpo?

However, as noted, the situation has been slowly but steadily changing. The latter stress high theorization, structures, standardization, quantitative measuring, hierarchy, accuracy, objectivity, consistency, and efficiency. It is not enough for Southeast Asians to know something about their own village or country, or articulate what is common wisdom there. Sino-Tibetan branches. They may deny the existence of other languages as used to be the policy in Brunei , largely neglect them such as in Malaysia and Thailand , or confine themselves to unspecified assurances that these languages should be preserved. Urbanization was another development of importance. The conquest of Zheng Chenggong meant the sinification of the island, first by large-scale immigration of speakers of Ho Lo a Fukien dialect , later followed by Hakka speakers.

From to Indonesian was used throughout the educational system introduced by the Indonesians, which ranged from kindergarten to university. Except for the Spanish in the Philippines, they were not interested in colonization but rather in the control of trade at the lowest financial cost. Distribution of Austroasiatic. While it is not possible for me to address any of these issues in depth, I would like to mention them as a way of hinting at the overall orientation of my concerns in the brief comments below. Consequently it also became the language of contact between the Portuguese and the local population.

They were, in some respects, unstable and prone to fluctuation because of shifting relations with outside powers and constant internal struggles for the position of overlordship, but they also were remarkably durable. Under this fiction they established martial law and continued the one-language policy of the Japanese, substituting Mandarin Chinese for Japanese. They are assets as colleagues, informants, connections, research assistants, fieldwork hosts for foreign analysts, but also suspects allegedly biased and partial in approaching the common objects of investigation. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. In Tagalog would be introduced as a subject in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary schools as well as in normal schools, if teachers were available.